Những Khuôn mặt bất diệt

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KhanhVan
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Những Khuôn mặt bất diệt

Post by KhanhVan »

Image Galileo : Mathematics , Philosophy , Astronomy and Dialogue

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Post by KhanhVan »

Image GALILEO GALILEI

1564 - 1642

Credicts : Galileo Industries Image

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Post by KhanhVan »

EXPLORING THE JUPITER SYSTERM SOME OF GALILEO'S ACHIEVEMENTS:


• New satellites of Jupiter
• Close-ups of Io's volcanic plumes
• Massive ice rafts on Europa
• Possible salty ocean under Europa's ice
• Ganymede's magnetic field
• Magnetic field of Callisto
• Possible ocean on Callisto
• Space rocks near Amalthea
• Geologic diversity of four largest moons
• First close-up of an asteroid, Gaspra
• Asteroids have moons, Ida and Dactyl
• Detecting Jupiter's massive thunderstorms
• Close up of Earth rotation during flybys
• Look-back image of Earth and the Moon
• and enough data for decades' more work.
Image

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Post by KhanhVan »

Image RABINDRANATH TAGORE

1861- 1941
POET, PHILOSOPHER , MUSICIAN , WRITER , EDUCATOR , NOBEL LAUREATE .

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Post by KhanhVan »

Image Tagore was not only a creative genius, he was a great man and friend to many. For instance, he was also a good friend from childhood to the great Indian Physicist, Bose. He was educated and quite knowledgeable of Western culture, especially Western poetry and Science. This made him a remarkable person, one of the first of our planet to combine East and West, and ancient and modern knowledge. Tagore had a good grasp of modern - post-Newtonian - physics, and was well able to hold his own in a debate with Einstein in 1930 on the newly emerging principles of quantum mechanics and chaos. His meetings and tape recorded conversations with his contemporaries such Albert Einstein and H.G. Wells, stand as cultural landmarks, and show the brilliance of this great man. Although Tagore is a superb representative of his country - India - the man who wrote its national anthem - his life and works go far beyond his country. He is truly a man of the whole Earth, a product of the best of both traditional Indian, and modern Western cultures. The School of Wisdom is proud to have him as part of its heritage. He exemplifies the ideals important to us of Goodness, Meaningful Work, and World Culture.

KhanhVan
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Post by KhanhVan »

Image PYTHAGORAS OF SAMOS
530 BC
Pythagoras, one of the most famous and controversial ancient Greek philosophers, lived from ca. 570 to ca. 490 BC. He spent his early years on the island of Samos, off the coast of modern Turkey. At the age of forty, however, he emigrated to the city of Croton in southern Italy and most of his philosophical activity occurred there. Pythagoras wrote nothing, nor were there any detailed accounts of his thought written by contemporaries. By the first centuries BC, moreover, it became fashionable to present Pythagoras in a largely unhistorical fashion as a semi-divine figure, who originated all that was true in the Greek philosophical tradition, including many of Plato's and Aristotle's mature ideas. A number of treatises were forged in the name of Pythagoras and other Pythagoreans in order to support this view.

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Post by KhanhVan »

Image


Socrates 469 - 399 BC
Socrate (-469 Athènes; -399) nhà hiền triết Hy Lạp

Mẹ ông là nữ hộ sinh, cha là Sophronisque, điêu khắc gia. Ông được hưởng nền giáo dục của thời đại ông: thể thao, âm nhạc, học trường các giáo sư dạy đọc và viết (Ecole du grammatiste)

Ông sống thời Périclès - thế kỷ rực rỡ nhất ở Athènes: Sophocle, Euripide. Trong suốt 70 năm sống của ông, ông đã từng chứng kiến cảnh vinh quang và sự xuống dốc của tổ quốc ông.

Mặt mày xấu xí , ông bị vợ là Xanthippe ăn hiếp, hay gây lộn chửi mắng ông



Socrate không phải là triết gia chuyên nghiệp:
Ông là người dân Athènes trung bình, có thể nói là ông không hề rời xa Athènes. Như những người dân Athènes, ông đi gặp những người cùng phố, gợi cho họ nói chuyện vì ông cần biết sự thật về con người. Ông đã chẳng dạy học được ai bởi ông đã nói là ông chỉ biết mỗi một điều là ông không biết gì cả!

Ðiều mà ông muốn là đặt người đối thoại trước chính họ, để họ tự hiểu mình, để họ đến với lương tâm , tự xét để hiểu con người thật của họ. "gnôthi séauton" : Hãy tự biết lấy chính mình.

Theo Socrate, không có ai tình nguyện dữ tợn. Kẻ dữ là người không biết điều tốt, không biết nhận ra đạo đức hiện ra nơi vẻ mặt khác nhau của người thể hiện ra nó

Cái mà Socrate dạy, là phải nhận biết đạo đức và điều tốt, hay ít nhất cũng phải muốn biết.

Mọi sự giả dối, giả đò, như những tài khéo léo của thuật hùng biện (artifices de la rhétorique; cf. le Gorgias de Platon), ông đều chối bỏ.

Ông không coi gì quan trọng. Lúc nào cũng bình dị, mỉm cười và sáng suốt (lucide)

Ông dạy theo lối đàm thoại, nói chuyện với một nhóm người để bàn về một vấn đề. Từ những cuộc đối thoại đó ông rút ra những bài học.

Tính tính ngay thẳng, chỉ thích sự thật, ông bị nhà cầm quyền lúc bấy giờ ghét. Họ buộc tội ông đã không chịu thờ những vị thần như họ mà còn đưa vào những thần linh mới và ông lại còn làm hư hỏng thanh niên ("Socrate est coupable du crime de ne pas reconnaître les dieux reconnus par l'Etat et d'introduire des divinités nouvelles ; il est de plus coupable de corrompre la jeunesse"). Hình phạt là bắt ông uống thuốc độc tự tử. Socrate từ chối sự giúp đỡ của Lysias và phần biện hộ, ông tự soạn lấy và tự biện hộ cho mình trước tòa. Cuối cùng ông bị tuyên bố phạm tội 281 phiếu thuận với 278 phiếu chống.

Trong tù, ông không bị hành hình tức khắc
Vì chiếc tàu chở Dèlos chở đồ cúng thấn Apollon vừa mới đi nên không một sự hình hành quan trọng nào xảy ra trước khi Dèlos trở về. Trong 30 ngày ở tù, ông nói chuyện cùng với các học trò và họ đề nghị ông vượt ngục (cf. Criton de Platon). Trong tù, ông tự nhiên như không vì cho rằng chết như vậy là giải thoát . Ngày ông uống thuốc độc, ông dành những giờ phút cuối cùng (Platon) để đối thoại với các bạn ông về sự bất diệt của tâm hồn. Những lời này được ghi trong Phédon của Platon.

Trong tù, ông tự nhiên như không vì cho rằng chết như vậy là giải thoát. Ông bình tĩnh bàn về sự bất diệt của linh hồn rồi bưng ly thuốc độc uống bình thản trong lúc các học trò ông đau đớn khóc lóc.

Về sự biện hộ của ông trước tòa án, sự từ chối vượt ngục, can đảm uống ly thuốc độc, Platon đã viết lại bằng ba vài văn có giá trị: l'Apologie, le Créton và le Phédon.

Công nghiệp:

Socrate không viết sách mà chỉ dạy người dân Athènes trực tiếp nên tuy được xem là một trong những hiền triét lớn của Hy Lạp. Nhưng những tư tưởng của ông đã được Platon, Xéphonon và Aristote ghi chép và để lại:

Tóm tắt tư tưởng của Socrate:

1) Hãy tự biết lấy chính mình (Connais-toi toi-même)

Theo ông, sự tự hiểu biết sẽ làm cho con người sống theo lẽ phải tức là sống đạo đức.

2) Con người không hề muốn hung ác tàn bạo

3) Việc gọi là tốt khi nó nó ích (le bien réduit à l'utile)

4) Ðạo đức là khoa học là lối sống (La vertu réduit çà la science)

5) Hạnh phúc có được khi nó dung hòa với đạo đức

6) Ðiều bị bắt buộc phải làm cũng là điều hữu ích



Cách giảng dạy:

Ông không có trường lớp. Trường của ông là agora, nơi công cộng tại các chợ ngày xưa. Ông nói chuyện với mọi người, bàn về những việc hàng ngày. Ông nói là ông có sứ mệnh của thần linh là dạy dỗ người cùng thời và không được làm nghề gì khác (Platon) nên ông chấp nhận sống nghèo, giảng dạy không công cho mọi người.

Phương pháp dạy của ông là đàm thoại, gồm hai phần:

1) Phần hỏi và trả lời cho đến khi người đối thoại nhận thức là mình sai

2) Phần biện pháp: Ông giúp cho người đối thoại hiểu và tự tìm lấy câu trả lời. Ông nói: "Mẹ tôi đỡ đẻ cho sản phụ, còn tôi đỡ đẻ cho những bộ óc"

KhanhVan
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Post by KhanhVan »

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Socrates is charged with "corrupting the youth" of Athens and "not believing in the gods the state believes in, but in other new spiritual beings." He is convicted on a 280-220 by a 500-person jury of freemen, then sentenced to death by hemlock by a larger margin.

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Post by KhanhVan »

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PLATO ( ca. 427 - 347 BC )

Born: c. 427 B.C.E.
Athens, Greece
Died: c. 347 B.C.E.
Athens, Greece
Greek philosopher


Early life


Plato was born in Athens, Greece, the son of Ariston and Perictione, both of Athenian noble backgrounds. He lived his whole life in Athens, although he traveled to Sicily and southern Italy on several occasions. One story says he traveled to Egypt. Little is known of his early years, but he was given the finest education Athens had to offer noble families, and he devoted his considerable talents to politics and the writing of tragedy (works that end with death and sadness) and other forms of poetry. His acquaintance with Socrates (c. 469–c. 399 B.C.E.) altered the course of his life. The power that Socrates's methods and arguments had over the minds of the youth of Athens gripped Plato as firmly as it did many others, and he became a close associate of Socrates.

The end of the Peloponnesian War (431–04 B.C.E.), which caused the destruction of Athens by the Spartans, left Plato in a terrible position. His uncle, Critias (c. 480–403 B.C.E.), was the leader of the Thirty Tyrants (a group of ruthless Athenian rulers) who were installed in power by the victorious Spartans. One means of holding onto power was to connect as many Athenians as possible with terrible acts committed during the war. Thus Socrates, as we learn in Plato's Apology, was ordered to arrest a man and bring him to Athens from Salamis for execution (to be put to death). When the great teacher refused, his life was threatened, and he was probably saved only by the overthrow of the Thirty Tyrants and the reestablishment of the democracy (a system of government in which government officials are elected by the people).

Death of Socrates

Plato welcomed the restoration of the democracy, but his mistrust was deepened some four years later when Socrates was tried on false charges and sentenced to death. Plato was present at the trial, as we learn in the Apology, but was not present when the hemlock (poison) was given to his master, although he describes the scene in clear and touching detail in the Phaedo. He then turned in disgust from Athenian politics and never took an active part in government, although through friends he did try to influence the course of political life in the Sicilian city of Syracuse.

Plato and several of his friends withdrew from Athens for a short time after Socrates's death and remained with Euclides (c. 450–373 B.C.E.) in Megara. His productive years were highlighted by three voyages to Sicily, and his writings, all of which have survived.

The first trip, to southern Italy and Syracuse, took place in 388 and 387 B.C.E., when Plato met Dionysius I (c. 430–367 B.C.E.). Dionysius was then at the height of his power in Sicily for having freed the Greeks there from the threat of Carthaginian rule. Plato became better friends with the philosopher Dion (c. 408–353 B.C.E.), however, and Dionysius grew jealous and began to treat Plato harshly.

His dialogues

When Plato returned to Athens, he began to teach in the Gymnasium Academe and soon afterward acquired property nearby and founded his famous Academy, which survived until the early sixth century C.E. At the center of the Academy stood a shrine to the Muses (gods of the arts), and at least one modern scholar suggests that the Academy may have been a type of religious brotherhood.

Plato had begun to write the dialogues (writings in the form of conversation), which came to be the basis of his philosophical (having to do with the search for knowledge and truth) teachings, some years before the founding of the Academy. To this early period Plato wrote the Laches which deals with courage, Charmides with common sense, Euthyphro with piety (religious dedication), Lysis with friendship, Protagoras with the teaching of virtues, or goodness, and many others. The Apology and Crito stand somewhat apart from the other works of this group in that they deal with historical events, Socrates's trial and the period between his conviction and execution.

Plato's own great contributions begin to appear in the second group of writings, which date from the period between his first and second voyages to Sicily. The Meno carries on the question of the teachability of virtue first dealt with in Protagoras and introduces the teaching of anamnesis (recollection), which plays an important role in Plato's view of the human's ability to learn the truth.

The Republic


Socrates is again the main character in the Republic, although this work is less a dialogue than a long discussion by Socrates of justice and what it means to the individual and the city-state (independent states). Just as there are three elements to the soul, the rational, the less rational, and the impulsive irrational, so there are three classes in the state, the rulers, the guardians, and the workers. The rulers are not a family of rulers but are made up of those who have emerged from the population as a whole as the most gifted intellectually. The guardians serve society by keeping order and by handling the practical matters of government, including fighting wars, while the workers perform the labor necessary to keep the whole running smoothly. Thus the most rational elements of the city-state guide it and see that all in it are given an education equal to their abilities.

Only when the three work in harmony, with intelligence clearly in control, does the individual or state achieve the happiness and fulfillment of which it is capable. The Republic ends with the great myth of Er, in which the wanderings of the soul through births and rebirths are retold. One may be freed from the cycle after a time through lives of greater and greater spiritual and intellectual purity.

Last years

Plato's third and final voyage to Syracuse was made some time before 357 B.C.E., and he tried for the second time to influence the young Dionysius II. Plato was unsuccessful and was held in semicaptivity before being released. Plato's Seventh Letter, the only one in the collection of thirteen considered accurate, perhaps even from the hand of Plato himself, recounts his role in the events surrounding the death of Dion, who in 357 B.C.E. entered Syracuse and overthrew Dionysius. It is of more interest, however, for Plato's statement that the deepest truths may not be communicated.

Plato died in 347 B.C.E. the founder of an important philosophical school, which existed for almost one thousand years, and the most brilliant of Socrates's many pupils and followers. His system attracted many followers in the centuries after his death and resurfaced as Neoplatonism, the great rival of early Christianity.

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Post by KhanhVan »

Image ARISTARCHUS OF SAMOS
C . 310 - 230 BC

Aristarchus of Samos uses a geometric method to calculate the distance of the SUN and the MOON from EARTH . He also proposes that the Earth orbits the Sun

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